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 产品介绍-》慕湖产品

1001 UNF-5型萘系减水剂
naphthalene

UNF-5 型萘系减水剂用于以下 10 类混凝土中:
1 、普通混凝土 ordinary concrete
干密度为 2000~ 2800kg /m 3 的水泥混凝土。

2 、干硬性混凝土 stiff concrete
混凝土拌合物的坍落度小于 10mm 且须用维勃稠度 (s) 表示其稠度的混凝土。

3 、塑性混凝土 plastic concrete
混凝土拌合物坍落度为 10 ~ 90mm 的混凝土。

4 、流动性混凝土 pasty concrete
混凝土拌合物坍落度为 100~ 150mm 的混凝土。

5 、大流动性混凝土 flowing concrete
混凝土拌合物坍落度等于或大于 160mm 的混凝土。

6 、抗渗混凝土 impermeable concrete
抗渗等级等于或大于 P6 级的混凝土。

7 、抗冻混凝土 frost-resistant concrete
抗冻等级等于或大于 F50 级的混凝土。

8 、高强混凝土 high-strength concrete
强度等级为 C60 及其以上的混凝土。

9 、泵送混凝土 pumped concrete
混凝土拌合物的坍落度不低于 100mm 并用泵送施工的混凝土。

10 、大体积混凝土 mass concrete
混凝土结构物实体最小尺寸等于或大于 1m ,或预计会因水泥水化热引起混凝土内外温差过大而导致裂缝的混凝土。

一、 适用范围

1、适用于各类工业与民用建筑、水利、交通、港口、市政等工程中的预制和现浇混凝土、钢筋混凝土、预应力钢筋混凝土。
2、适用配制早强、高强、高抗渗、自密实泵送混凝土及自流灌浆材料。
3、可广泛用于自然养护及蒸汽养护混凝土工程及制品。本品减水增强作用显著,早期效果尤佳,可大大加快模板和场地周转,缩短工期。对蒸汽养护混凝土制品,掺入检测掺量的本产品可降低养护温度,缩短养护时间。夏季高温季节可取消蒸汽养护,应用一吨本产品,可节约40~60吨煤。
4、对于硅酸盐水泥、普通硅酸盐水泥、矿渣硅酸盐水泥、粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥和火山灰硅酸盐水泥均有良好的适用性。
二、 主要性能
1、本产品分粉剂和液体两种。粉剂呈棕褐色;液体呈棕黑色。产品无毒、无臭、不燃,对钢筋无锈蚀作用。
2 、提高强度。在混凝土中加入掺量为0.3%?~1.5%的本产品,在水泥用量和坍落度相同的情况下,可减少拌和用水9%~29%以上。掺入检测掺量的本产品其一天抗压强度可提高70%~100%,三天抗压强度可提高50%?~80%,二十八天抗压强度可提高25%~50%。后期强度明显提高,大大改善和提高混凝土物理力学性能,使混凝土的抗压、抗拉、抗折强度,弹性模量及长期强度都有相应提高。
3、改善混凝土拌和物的和易性,增加坍落度。在相同的水泥用量及水灰比情况下,加入检测掺量的本产品,可明显增大混凝土的坍落度,改善混凝土的和易性,坍落度可增加12cm以上。
4、节约水泥,在坍落度和强度相同的情况下,加入检测掺量的本产品,可节约水泥12%以上。
三、 匀质性指

测试项目
企 标
测试结果
硫酸钠含量(%)
≤20
19.1
含水率 (%)
≤8.0
7.1
pH 值
7~9
7.8
四、 掺UNF-5型低氯低碱超高浓高效减水剂混凝土性能指标
检测项目
企标
检测结果
检测项目
企标
检测结果
减水率(%)
≥20
21.8
抗压强度比(%)
1d
≥180
200
泌水率比(%)
≤90
79
3d
≥170
194
含气量(%)
≤2.0
1.6
7d
≥150
161
凝结时间差(min)
初凝
-90~+120
+20
28d
≥130
142
终凝
+13
收缩率比(%)
28d
≤130
125
对钢筋锈蚀作用
注:检测掺量0.75%(以水泥用量计)
五、推荐掺量

掺量与减水率曲线图

根据使用时混凝土不同强度等级及应用范围不同,常规掺量范围为0.3~0.8%。如配制高强,超高强混凝土可在掺量范围为 0.8~1.8%内选择。最佳掺量0.75%。液体按含固量折算。
六、使用方法
1、配制成所需浓度的溶液后使用。
2、粉剂可直接使用,也可待水泥骨料加入60%拌合水充分润湿后再加入粉剂。
3、本产品可与其它功能外加剂复配成特殊功能的外加剂,但需经试验后方可使用。
七、包装、运输、贮存
1、粉剂采用内衬塑料袋,外编织袋包装。每袋净重25kg±0.13 kg或50 kg±0.25 kg;液体采用塑料桶包装,塑料桶要求密封,防止外溢或者蒸发干涸。也可采用槽车运输。
2、运输时粉剂谨防遇锋利物,以防止破包受潮。若受潮经检验合格仍可使用,不影响使用效果。
3、本产品应贮存在通风、干燥的专用仓库内,有效期一年。超过有效期经检测合格后仍可使用。

八、主要用途和应用实例
  
高效减水剂可用于日最低气温 0 ℃ 以上施工的混凝土,并适用于制备大流动性混凝土、高强混凝土及蒸养混凝土。
1 、配制早强混凝土
   在混凝土予制构件及现浇混凝土中应用 UNF-5 减水剂,达到脱模强度的时间可缩短一半左右,从而场地和模板周转加快,产量提高,同时质量也显著改善。
   水泥制品厂在自然养护生产的混凝土构件中应用 UNF-5 减水剂取得了较好的经济效益。如水泥制品厂在农房构件生产中应用减水剂,年产值增加 41 万元,年税利增加 2 万多元,节省水泥 500 吨,为农民多提供 3570 间建房材料。水泥制品厂在建筑构件中应用减水剂,产量增加 70~100% ,年利润增加 2.84 万元,节省水泥 110 吨。

2 、配制早强砂浆
   在钢丝网水泥造船中应用 UNF-5 减水剂,砂浆的早期强度显著提高。在气温 15 ℃ 以上时取消了钢丝网水泥造船的蒸汽养护,生产周期与蒸汽养护的相同,每吨位水泥船降低成本 4~5 元;低温季节,通蒸汽的时间比不用减水剂的缩短一半以上,每吨位降低成本 3 元左右。调查十八个应用单位表明,一年来应用减水剂建造船舶 13.21 万吨位,节煤 4182 吨,增加收益 25 万多元,同时改善了劳动条件,提高了产品质量。

3 、蒸养混凝土
   在蒸养混凝土中应用 UNF-5 减水剂,可缩短蒸养时间或降低蒸养温度,夏秋高温季节甚至可取消蒸汽养护。如墙板厂在框架轻板建筑用的钢筋混凝土空心柱中应用减水剂取消了蒸汽养护,一年来由此节煤 200 多吨,增加收益一万多元。应用表明,一吨 UNF-5 减水剂可节煤 50~60 吨。

4 、大模板施工用混凝土
   大模板施工工艺要求混凝土拌合物具有较好的流动性,良好的保水性和粘聚性,同时要求混凝土具有较高的早期强度。一般 8~12h 要求达到拆模强度( 1MPa 以上,冬季 4MPa 以上), 24 小时后要求强度大于 4MPa ,以便安装楼板。北京市第二建筑工程公司在西便门高层住宅楼、北京市第三建筑公司在复兴门外高层建筑大模板施工中应用 UNF-5 减水剂,取得了良好效果。

5 、泵送剂混凝土
   在泵送混凝土中应用 UNF-5 减水剂,可提高混凝土的可泵性,同时混凝土的强度不因坍落度的增加而下降。如北京市三建筑工程公司在中日友谊医院泵送混凝土施工中应用 UNF-5 减水剂,坍落度控制在 12~ 15cm ,可泵性能良好,混凝土抗压强度 ? 7 =21MPa , ? 28 =34 MPa 。

6 、高强混凝土
   试验表明,掺常用量的 UNF-5 减水剂(如 C×0.7% ),采用目前一般的混凝土工艺,就可配制 C50 以上的混凝土,所以 UNF-5 减水剂适用于一些高强混凝土制品,如轨枕、梁、柱等。
   现浇混凝土、道路混凝土、防水混凝土、商品混凝土、流态混凝土、喷射混凝土中应用 UNF-5 减水剂,既可节省水泥,又可满足混凝土对流动性、早强、高强、抗渗等性能要求。

九、应用注意事项
1 、 UNF-5 减水剂的掺量为水泥重量的 0.5~0.75% ,有条件时应通过试验确定其适宜掺量。
2 、 UNF-5 减水剂可以粉剂直接掺入使用,也可以配成溶液使用。以粉剂掺入使用时,当有粗粒和结块应筛除,搅拌时间适当延长。在某些水泥中 UNF-5 型减水剂滞后于拌合水掺加,可提高减水剂的塑化作用效果,节省减水剂用量。当采用多孔骨料时,必须先加水,最后加减水剂。
3 、当气温较低时,可用 UNF-5 减水剂与早强剂复合使用来提高早期强度。如复合水泥重量 0.5~1.0% 的元明粉(既无水硫酸钠)。元明粉应加在水泥上,不能倒在潮湿的砂石上。否则元明粉遇潮结块,搅拌过程中不易溶解,引起硬化混凝土胀裂。
4 、 UNF-5 减水剂对硅酸盐水泥、普通硅酸盐水泥、粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥等均有效,对特种水泥需经过试验后方可使用。
5 、运输和保管时应避免受潮。受潮结块后性能不变可配成水溶液使用。
6 、搅拌过程中要严格控制减水剂用量、用水量,选择合适的掺加方法,搅拌时间要适宜,随拌随用,尽量缩短运输及停放时间等。






 

UNF-5 SERIES HIGH-STRENGTH & HIGH-EFFICIENCY SUPERPLASTICISER

APPLICATION
  
1. Widely used in pre-cast & ready-mixed concrete, armored concrete and pre-stressed reinforced concrete in key construction projects such as dam and port construction, road building & town planning projects and dwelling erections etc.
   2. Suitable for preparation of early-strength, high-strength, high-anti-filtration and self-sealing& pumpable concrete.
   3. Used far and wide for self-cured, vapor-cured concrete and its formulations. At the early stage of application, extremely prominent effects are shown. As the result, the modulus and site utilization can be drastically, the procedure of vapor cure is omitted in peak-heat summer days. Statistically 40-60 metric tons of coal will be preserved when a metric ton of the material is consumed.
   4. Compatible with Portland cement, normal Portland cement, Portland slag cement, fly-ash cement and Portland pozzolanic cement etc. 

PROPERTIES, FEATURES & CHARACTERISTICS
  
1. Appearance: Light brown powder& dark brown liquid. Non-poisonous, odorless, non-flammable and non-corrosive to steel bars.
   2. Remarkable Plasticity: As a condition of blending where amount of cement and collapsibility are fixed aforehand, mixing water can be decreased by 10-30% when it is admixed with reinforced concrete at 0.3-1.5%. Statistically, compression strength on the lst day, the 3 rd day and the 28 th day after single application is increased by 70-100, 50-80% and 25-50% respectively when it is added at standard blend dosage. As the result, compression strength, tensile strength, buckling strength and modulus of elasticity will be improved to some extent.
   3. Improve miscibility of concrete amalgamator with water and collapsibility as well. As a condition of equivalent blending, collapsibility can be increased by 12cm when it is added at standard blend dosage.
   4. 12% of cement can be reserved when the agent is blended at standard blend dosage, which is preconditioned by same collapsibility and strength.

PARAMETERS & ACCEPTANCE CRITERLA

Parameters/Parameters

Criteria

Actual results

Sodium sulfate, %

≤ 20

19.1

Moisture, %

≤ 8.0

7.1

PH Range

7 ~ 9

7.8

PARAMETERS & ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR REFERENCE

Parameters

Criteria

Actual Results

Parameters

Criteria

Actual Results

Water Reduction, %

≥ 20

21.8

Compression strength, %

1d

≥ 180

200

Water Penetration, %

≤ 90

79

3d

≥ 170

194

Air Content, %

≤ 2.0

1.6

7d

≥ 150

161

Temporal Distribution for setting (min)

Initial setting time

-9 0 ~ +120

+20

28d

≥ 130

142

Terminal setting time

+13

Shrinkage, %

28d

≤ 130

125

Corrosion to steel bars

None

None

Note: Standard Blend Dosage:0.75 %(as cement amount)

RECOMMENDED BLEND DOSAGE

Blend Dosage-Water Reduction Graph

The blend dosage normally ranges from 2 %to 1.0% for variations of concrete grades and application fields. The optimal blend dosage for powder is 0.5%.

DIRECTIONS
  
1. Prepare solutions as required.
   2. Direct use of powdery agent is allowed. Alternatively the addition of the agent is followed by water moisturization (water-cement ratio:60%).
   3. The agent can be combined with other externally applied agents if pilot development or laboratory experiment succeeds.

RACKGING, TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE
  
1. For powder: Woven fabric bag with plastic liner. Net weight: 25kg ± 0.13 kg or 50 kg ± 0.25 kg   For liquid: Sealed plastic drums to prevent accidental leakage and evaporation. The material can be delivered or transported by tank car.
   2. Cautions should be taken to prevent form being torn by sharp-ended objects while packages are being transferred or delivered. When being contaminated by high humidity or moisturein case of leakage, it can be prepared in prescribed ways for further use without surrendering any effect.
   3. It should be stored in a dedicated warehouse that is well-ventilated and dry. It remains effective in one year. After the expiration, date, it can be used again if testing results fall within the established range.    

化学组成:萘磺酸甲醛缩合物 -Chemical composition : β -naphthalene sulfonate
formaldehyde condensate
化学结构式: -Chemical structure
生产过程概况: -Outline of manufacturing process;

1 、商品混凝土
Ready-mixed concrete

2 、混凝土与水泥制品
oncrete and cement products

3 、工业与民用建筑
Industrial and civil architectural engineering



体育场

4 、水利水电工程

5 、铁道建筑


6


Naphthalene Series Water-Reducing Agent

A qualitative examination was made employing infrared spectros-copy, x-ray diffraction method, and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and the amount of hydration water was measured. The hy-dration process of Portland cement was found to be divided into three stages, and the reaction kinetic equations were derived. The main factors affecting each stage of the hydration process were stud-ied.
Crystallization process and pore structure were investigated by employing a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and measuring poredistribtion. The water-reducing admixtures retard crystallization and improve pore distribution.
It was recognized that the effect of admixtures on the hydration process is not due to chemical reaction. A model is suggested for studying the effect of admixtures on the hydration process of cement.
Keywords : admixtures ; crystallization ; equations ; hydration ; hydration reaction rates ; microstructure ; models ; naphthalene compounds ; porosity ; Portland cements : water of hydration; water-reducing agents.
In recent years seneral kinds of naphthalene water reducing admixtures were developed in china, but only limited studies have been directed to their mechanism both in china and abroad. The effect of lignosulfon ate on the hydration of Portland cement and the struc-ture of hydration product was reported. Some authors found that it retards the initial hydration. Some sug-gested that admixtures mainly change the reaction rate, rather than the hydration product.
This paper describes the experimental study, employing a series of modern analytic techniques, of the effect of naphthalene water-reducing admixtures on the microstructure of cement stone. In the main admix-tures' effect on hydration rate. Structure of hydration product, and pore structure of cement stone of port-land cement was studied.
EXPERIMENTAL
The Chinese Grade 600 portland cement (Wu Yang brand) was used, the chemical composition of which is listed in Table 1. Its specific surface is 3632 cm 2 /g (225, 40in . 2 /1b).
Two kinds of admixtures were used : JN (developed at the General Research Institute of Building and Con-struction of MMI) and NF (developed at Qinghua uni-versity). Bo th are of naphthalene-sulfonate-formalin condensate.
Cement paste samples were prepared at a water-ce-ment ration of 0.25 and admixtures content of 0.5 per-cent by weight of cement. To facilitate observation, their content was increased to 5 percent by weight of cement for SEM analysis, infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and DTA. On reaching the specified age, samples were taken out and crushed. The lumps were examined by SEM. Hydration of the remaining powder was discontinued with absolute alcohol. Samples were prepared complying with the requirement of various instruments. The qualitative examination of samples at differett ages was performed respectively by means of SEM (JSW-U3), infrared spectroscopy (H-800), x-ray diffractometry (TURM-62), and differential thermal analysis (CR-G).Quantitative determination of the amount of hydrate water and porosity was also made.
TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of admixtures on hydration rate of cement
Qualitative observation
Infrated spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and DTA tests were made to study the effect of admixtures on the hydration rate of cement. The infrared spectro-grams of various ages of the cement with or without admixtures are shown in Fig. 1. Some authors studied the cement hydration process employing infrared spec-troscopy and pointed out that for unhydrated cement, C 3 S crest corresponds to a wave number of 925 cm -1 , while gypsum crest is 1120 and 1145cm -1 . with the for-mation of C-S-H product and consumption of gypsum to produce ettringite, C-S-H crest would move to a higher wave number and eventually surpass monosul-fate crest.
Table 1-Chemical composition of cement (percent by weight).

SiO 2

Fe 2 O 3

Al 2 O 3

CaO

MgO

TiO 2

SO 3

Free CaO

20.50

5.06

4.87

63.84

2.75

0.22

1.88

0.61

Fig .1shows that from the process whter C-S-H crest surpasses monosulfate crest it follows that for the first 3 days, the hydration rate of cement with admix-tures was slightly higher than that of cement , which reverals that the early hydration rate of cement in creases slightly. Seven days later C-S-H crest of cement markedly surpasses monosulfate crest, indicating that in the middle and final stage of hydration, admixtures retard the hydration rate of cement.
From x-ray diffraction patterns contained in Fig. 2 it is cleat that C 3 S and C 3 A crests gradually reduce with cement age, while CH crest increases continuously. When admixtures are added, the increasing rate of CH crest retards with age. For example, for cement, CH crest at ∠ ? =10 deg can be seen clearly after 6 hr, while for cement with admixtures only after 24 hrs, showing that hydration rate is retarded by admixtures.
DTA curves are given in Fig. 3. For example, crest of Ca (OH) 2 endothermal reaction at 439 -476 C can be seen clearlt after 6 hr. From the trend in which the crest area increases with the age, we can see that the hydration rate of cement increases faster than that of cement with admixtures. It also follows thar the addition of admixtures retards the hydration rate of cement.
In the initial stage of hydration, admixtures accelerate the hydration rate
Measured results of hydration water percent are listed in Table 2 .The effect of admixtures is varied at different stages. From mathematical statistical analysis of the data shown in Table 2, it follows that the hydration process can be divided into three stages, i. e., initial, early, middle and final stages.
In the initial stages of hydration, i. e., from the beginning to 40 min., the relationship between hydration water percent and age can be expressed as follows
Y=a+b lgt (1)
Where Y=hydration water (percent), t=age (hours), and a and b=constants, depending on test conditions as well as cement and admixtures used.
The equations for cement and cement with admixtures JN and NF are as follows

Fig. 1-Infrared spectrograms of hydrated Portland cement (H=hour; D=day). A-Cement, B-cement+5percent JN, and C-cement+5 percent NF

Fig. 2-X-ray diffraction patterns. A-Cement, B-cement+5 percent JN, and C-cement+5 percent NF.
Table 2 –Amount of hydration water (percent)

Age

Cement

Cement+0.5 percent JN

Cement +0.5 percent NF

5 min

10 min

20 min

40 min

60 min

3 hr

6 hr

18 hr

24 hr

3 days

7 days

28 days

1.41

1.45

1.59

1.63

1.68

1.93

2.59

3.83

4.40

8.89

9.91

14.32

1.45

1.50

1.62

1.75

1.81

2.01

2.55

3.53

4.00

8.50

9.76

13.39

1.54

1.60

1.82

1.97

1.91

2.16

2.54

3.64

4.11

8.36

9.16

13.73

Data listed are the arithmetic mean from more than 4 sets of parallel tests under standard curing.
Fig. 3-Curves of differential thermal analysis for cement. A-Cement, B-cement+5 percent JN, and C-cement+5 percent NF.
Y o =1.69+0.27 1gt
Y JN =1.79+0.34 1gt
Y NF =2.05+0.50 1gt
Differentiation of Eq. (1)with respect to time gives the instantaneous rate
Where K=hydration rate constant.
It follows that the reaction rate retards with the age. After cement makes contact with water, the hydration reaction begins quickly at an initial high rate and then gradually retards. About an hour later the hydration rate reduces to a constant value.
From compatison it is clear that the initial stage of cement hydration basically conforms to the formulas for dissolving and crystallizing rate. It is confirmed that the overall reaction rate is governed by the rate of difssolution of cement particles and that of hydrate crystallization . As degree of saturation of saturation of solution in creases, the reaction rate retards gradually.
The hydration rate constant K of cement with admixtures is higher than that of cement, which indicates that at a given age the former has a higher hydration rate and hydration water percent than the latter.
The admixtures considerably enhance the dispersion of cement particles and increase the contact surface with water (see Fig. 4), hus greatly accelerating solid-liquid reaction rater. It is because with the increasing surface area of a substance its saturated vapor pressure, solubility, and chemical activity increase. The salt effect of admixtures also increases the ionic strength of the solution as a whole, and reduces the activity coefficient of crystallized ions.
The sulfonic group contained in the admixtures' molecules has a certain complexing ability and forms a complex with some metal ions by coordination bonds, thus reducing the ionic concentration in liquid phase; hence, the solubility is increased. All of these factors speed the reaction rate of cement hydration.
Summarizing, in the initial stage of cement hydration, admixtures accelerate the rate of cement hydration.
In the early stage of cement hydration, admixtures retard the reaction rate
In the early stage, i.e., from 40 min to the sixth hour of hydration, the relationship between hydration water percent and age can be shown as follows.
Y= a+bt (2)
Y o =1.51+0.17t Y JN =1.62+0.15t
Y NF =1.82+0.12t
The instantaneous rates are as follows
V=b (3)
V o =0.17 V JN =0.15 V NF =0.12
The above equations show that in this stage the hydration rate remains constant and is of zero order reaction.
The special feature of this stage is that it is a transitional one; the reaction takes place on the boundary of two phases. In this stage the concentration of Ca ++ in liquid phase remains stable, and so does the concentration difference between liquid phase and the boundary. Thus the reaction rate remains constant.
The addition of admixtures causes acceleration of the reaction rate in the initial stage. An increase in the amount of reaction product and a thicker film of hydration product result, and consequently the permeability rate of reactants is retarded, and admixture film will hinder the penetration of reactants. As a result, the ions in solution are restrained by the complex, and the activity of ions in liquid phase is reduced. The association of admixtures with water molecules by hydrogen bond will prevent part of the water molecules from participating in the hydration reaction. All of these factors retard the hydration rate.
Summarizing, in the early stage of cement hydration, admixtures retard the hydration tate of cement.
In the middle and final stage of cement hydration the admixtures retard the reaction rate slightly
Six hr later the degree of hydration α and t satisfy the equation
We obtain
K o =3.1 4 × 10 -4 K JN =2.73 × 10 -4 KNF =2.67 × 10 -4
The calculated value of K are basically a constant (see Table 3). This reveals that the hydration reaction is governed by the diffusion rate of reactants passing through the reaction product layer. The reaction proceeds in accord with the rule of solid phase reaction.
With adition of admixtures the water in cement stone micropores is changed into a solution with certain concentration of admixtures, which brings about osmotic pressure across the product layer. The direction of osmotic pressure is opposite to that of diffusion. Admixtures' film also hinders the permeability of water. All of these factors retard the hydration rate.
Summarizing, in the middle and final stage of cement hydration, the admixtures slightly retard the hydration rate of cement.
Table 3 –Calculated values of K

Age

Cement

Cement+JN

Cement+NF

Hydration water, percent

K

Hydration water, percent

K

Hydration water, percent

K

5 min

10 min

20 min

40 min

60 min

3 hr

6hr

18hr

1day

3 days

7days

28 days

Average

After 18

hr

1.41

1.45

1.59

1.63

1.68

1.93

2.59

3.83

4.40

8.98

9.91

14.32

 

 

 

8.78×10 -3

4.66×10 -3

2.79×1010 -3

1.47×10 -3

1.43×10 -3

4.6×10 -4

4.3×10- 4

3.3×10 -4

3.37×10 -4

(5.94×10 -4 )

3.31×10 -4

2.58×10 -4

 

3.14×10 -4

1.45

1.50

1.62

1.75

1.81

2.01

2.55

3.53

4.00

8.50

9.76

13.39

 

 

4.66×10 -3

4.99×10 -3

2.90×10 -3

1.72×10 -3

1.22×10 -3

5.00×10 -4

4.2×10 -4

3.04×10 -4

3.00 × 10 -4

(5.02×10 -4 )

2.75×10 -4

2.11×10 -4

 

2.73×10 -4

1.54

1.60

1.82

1.97

1.91

2.16

2.54

3.64

4.11

8.36

9.16

13.73

 

 

10.49×10 -3

5.68×10 -3

3.69×10 -3

2.19×10 -3

1.36×10 -3

5.9×10 -4

4.1×10 -4

2.65×10 -4

2.86×10 -4

(5.15×10 -4 )

3.14×10 -4

2.02×10 -4

 

2.67×10 -4

α of cement at 28 day hydration is assumed to be 80 percent. 4
Relationship between admixtures and structure and strength of cement stone
Effect of admixtures on structure of cement stone
Cement stone is structurally a porous substance consisting of various particles with pores as well as water.
After final set, the cement paste assumes a definite geometry. In the initial stage the imperfect microcrystal coagula, or hydrate gel, are predominant. These small size microcrstals settle in a disorderly way on the surface of cement clinker particles. As a result of further hydration, these microcrystals grow radially to form fibrous crystals with sharp, thin, and branched ends.These disordered fibrous crystals grow around the cement particles to form many pores of different sizes with entrapped residual water. which overlap among ement particles to form a continuous three-dimensional network structure. Still further hy-dration make the network structure gradually denser; hence it augments the strength of cement stone.
The growing situation of cement stone is shown in SEM photos. Fig.5,6, and 7present three sets of photos for different ages.
In the photo of 1-day hydration, fibrous crystals are observed for cement , while for cement with admixtures there remains basically gel. The same applies to the photos of 3-day and 7-day hydration. While degree of transition from gel to crystal increases with the age, for cement with admixtures the transition is considerably slowed down. Because the addition o admixtures may increase the solubility of the substance and accelerate the dissolving rate in early stage, here are more microcrystal coagula in metastable state as compared with cement without admixtures. During their transition to stable crystals, a layer of admixtures' film on the surface hinders the transition from microcrystal to crystal.
In terms of thermodynamic stability the small particles have highe surface free energy Z due to larger surface area and hence their thermodynamic state is unstable. Microcrystal coagula may spontaneously dissolve, resettle on the surface of crystals, and cause them to grow. The adition of admixtures to cement reduces the interfacial energy on the solid-liquid boundary; consequently, less free energy change- △ Z results during the phase transition, thus reducing the trend of phade transition of coagula.
Retarding crystallization is favorable to crystal growth. Introducing admixtures to cement also facors the formation of larger and more perfect crystals because of retardationof crystallizing rate. A set of SEM photos for 1-year hydration is given in Fig. 8., from which it follows that on introducing admixtures, crystals grow larger and overlap better, and the network structure becomes denser, thus increasing strength and denseness of cement stone.
Effect of admixtures on pore structure and strength of cement stone
Since cement stone is a heterogeneous porous material, the study of its pore structure may be conducive toof its propetties and affecting factors. It follows that with reduction of total porosity and large capillary pores in cement stone, its structure is improved and strength slgnificantly augmented.
The pore structure of cement stone was investigated by a mercury penetration method employing a high pressure ( 2000 kg /cm 2 or 29,400 1b/in. 2 ) porosimeter and low pressure vacuum extraction. The apparent porosity measured by low pressure vacuum extraction is listed in Table 4. When water is reduced, the apparent porosity changes (decreases) considerably from 25.09 percent to 15.53 percent and 19.63 percent; when no water is reduced, it decreases slightly. The results measured by the mercury penetration method are shown in Table 5, from which it can be seen that the most probable pore sizes reduce by 40-68 percent. Harmless pores below 250? increase appreciably, which makes the microstructure of cement stone denser, thus facilitating the increase of strength.
Summarizing, as far as pore structure is concerned, the prime objective of admixtures is to lessen the water comtent, which leads to reduction of the capillary pore size and porevolume in cement stone. While no water is reduced, dispersion and inhibition of crystallization will reduce the capillary pore size, and hence strength of cement stone is considerably augmented.
Fig. 4-Photomicrographs of dispersion of cement particles
Table 4-Apparent porosity measured by low-pressure vacuum extraction

Samples

Cement

Cement+JN

Cement+NF

Cement+JN

Cement+NF

Water-cement ratio

0.25

0.25

0.23

0.22

0.22

Apparent porosity (percent)

25.09

20.91

23.54

15.53

19.63

Table 5 –Pore measuring results by mercury penetration method (28day hydration)

Samples

Cement

Cement+JN

Cement+NF

Most probable pore size (?)

250

150

80

Pores below 250 ? (percent)

26.66

68.60

39.84

MODEL FOR STUDYING THE EFFECT OF NAPHTHALENE SERIES WATER-REDUCING
AGENT ON CEMENT HYDRATION
The chemical reaction between admixtures and cement has not been found
Fig. 9 shows x-ray diffraction patterns. Patterns of crests of Curves A,B, and C, are basically identical. So are ∠ ? and corresponding crest values. Admixtures do not change the crest value, and the new crests are not found.
Ultraviolet spectrograms of liquid phase before and after adsorption are shown in Fig.10. It follows that spectrogram patterns of liquid phase are rather similar before and after adsorption of admixtures by cement, meaning that no new compound is formed. Crest values decrease after adsorption as a result of adsorption by cement particles.
Fig. 11 presents infrared spectrograms. Patterns of crests of Curves A and B are similar, also indicating that no new substance is formed.
Form the above tests it follows that no detectable chemical reaction takes place between the admixtrres and cement ingredients in the course of cement hydration, and no new phase is formed; i.e., the function of admixtrres is not due to chemical reaction.
Model of admixtures' action
A scheme of the model is shown in Fig. 12.
Admixtures when added to the cement mix are readily adsorbed on the surface of cement particles and cause them to keep dispersed for a long time and not to coagulate, thus increasing the reaction surface of cement particles.
In the initial stage , cement hydration takes place in the form of dissolution-hydration-crystallization. Surface area solubility not only affects factors such as salt effect; the formation of an unstable complex in creases the solubility and speeds the process of cement dissolution, thus increasing the amount of hydrate.
In the early stage the reaction of liquid phase still predominates, the solution basically reaches saturation, and ion diffusion rate governing reaction rate approaches constant. Consequently, the addition of admixtures retards the diffusion rate and hence the hydration rate at early stage.
In the middle and final stage, the hydration product arrives at a certain thickness. The diffusion rate of water molecules passing through the layer of hydration prodct becomes the main factor governing hydration reaction. Osmotic pressure of admixtures' solution hinders the diffusion of water molecules t the hydration layer; the admixtures change the pore structure of cement stone, reduce capillary pore size, increase the cohesion of water in capillary pores, and have a binding effect on water molecules. These combined with admixtures' complexing and film forming retard the hydration rate.
The effect of admixtures on cement hydration rate and structure of cement stone may be summarized as follows:
1 、 Acceleration of hydration rate of cement in the initial stage.
2 、 Retardation of hydration rate in the early stage and slight retardation in the middle and final stage.
3 、 Retardation of transition of cement hydrates from gel to crystals.
4 、 Improvement of the pore distribution of cement stone.
5 、 Reduction of capillary pore size.
6 、 Augmentation of strength of cement stone.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are indebted to V.M. Malhotra, head, of Construction Materials section, Mineral Sciences Laboratories, Canada Center for Mineral and Energy Technology, who went over the manuscript and gave valuable advice. They wish to thank Comrade Huang Daneng, Director, Research Institute of Building Materials, Ministry of Building Materials, for check and approval of the manuscript. Finally, acknowledgment is due also to the organizations who assisted in performing the tests concerned.
Fig. 12 –Scheme of model for studying effect of admixtures on cement hydration process

[ 应用实例 1]

高效减水剂在管桩生产中的应用

  进入新世纪,随着建筑科学的进步,高强高性能混凝土及绿色环保混凝土已代表了混凝土技术新的发展方向,这就急需开发与之相匹配的高性能外加剂和高效减水剂。预应力混凝土管桩作为高强高性能混凝土中的一种,预计在今后 20 年仍会保持领先地位。用于管桩生产中配制高强混凝土的减水剂品种很多,一般脂肪族类和磺酸盐类中的萘系较为常见。而目前我公司使用的 C 新型改性高效减水剂,使用效果良好,已取得相当的技术效果和经济效益。下面就我公司对其常规试验、试配试验、试生产情况、生产过程控制及出厂检验等方面加以介绍。

1 、新型改性高效减水剂的物理、化学性能
1.1 新型改性高效减水剂 C 型物化性能优点
   新型改性高效减水剂 C 型的主要成分是萘磺酸盐甲醛缩合物,含固量 33 %,密度 1.170g /cm3 , pH 值 9 ~ 10 。与国内某知名萘系 A 型减水剂和本地某脂肪族类 B 型减水剂相比较,虽然它们在混凝土中的作用机理都基本相似,都是由于水泥粒子对减水剂的定向吸附以及减水剂对水泥颗粒的分散作用,使水泥质点分散滑动能力大大提高。但由于各自成分及工艺控制不同,实际使用时表现出来的效果也有区别,这大概是由于新型改性高效减水剂 C 中的分子结构对水泥表面的润滑作用大大增强,从而改变了减水剂与水泥微粒间的立体吸附结构。亦即从外部环境中所表现的该类减水剂与水泥的相容性、适应性明显增强的效果。

1.2 试验室中三种减水剂的物理性能比较
   在试配试验前,我们先行做了大量的净浆流动度、减水率对比及流动度经时损失试验,见表 1 和表 2 。试验目的是初步比较各类减水剂配制新拌混凝土的流动性能 ( 减水率及净浆流动度 ) 、用水量大小、最佳掺量、坍落度经时损失情况等方面的信息。因为混凝土流动性对工人操作难易程度、离心效果等有很大影响。而用水量、最佳掺量对混凝土强度、综合经济成本等也十分重要。
   从表 1 可以看出,减水剂的流动性能开始增加比较明显,当减水剂掺量达一定程度时,流动度、减水率都增加减缓。兼顾成本, A 型减水剂在掺量为 0.6 % ( 其含固量 40 %,换算为水剂时掺量为 1.5 % ) 时,效果已比较明显。而 B 型、 C 型在掺量为 0.7% (其含固量分别为 30% 和 33% ,换算为水剂时掺量分别为 2.33% 和 2.12% )时,效果也已较好。

1 各减水剂流动度、减水率对比

掺量 /%

A 型

B 型

C 型

备注

流动度 / ㎜

减水率 /%

流动度 / ㎜

减水率 /%

流动度 / ㎜

减水率 /%

 

0.3

无效果

0.4

140

16

90

12

100

13

效果差

0.5

223

24

162

17

165

19

A 型已有一定效果

0.6

230

25

200

23

206

23

A 型效果已效好

0.7

238

27

228

25

230

27

B 、 C 型已有一定效果

0.8

241

28

230

26

232

28

B 、 C 型效果已效好

0.9

242

31

235

28

235

30

富余多,成本过高

1.0

244

33

237

29

237

31

富余多,成本过高

  从表 2 可以看出, C 试样的流动度经时损失较小。这对管桩制作来说是有利的。坍落度损失大的混凝土,人工浇注料时较为困难。同时,由于管桩用混凝土属于半干硬性混凝土,用水量小,制作管桩自配料开始到离心结束,需要一定时间,而其中某环节出现问题,或前后工序脱节,所需时间将更长。如果坍落度损失大,较容易引起料干,导致麻面、空洞蜂窝等废次品,这在春夏季更为突出。

2 各减水剂经时流动度损失比较

品种

掺量 /%

起始流动度 / ㎜

1h 流动度 / ㎜

2h 流动度 / ㎜

A

0.6

232

178

127

B

0.7

229

187

139

C

0.7

230

201

156

1.3 试配结果对比
   为了进一步摸清其是否能够满足用于配制高强混凝土的技术要求,我们选用洁净的、通过筛分的 5 ~ 25mm 连续级配的粗骨料、细度模数为 2.7 的洁净河砂、 52.5 水泥、自制比表面积为 42 0 ㎡ /kg 的磨细砂,进行试配试验,其结果见表 3 。
   从表 3 可以看出,各减水剂性能均能满足混凝土强度等级设计要求,其中 A 型和 C 型基本持平, B 型略为偏低。

3 各减水剂试配情况

品种

掺量 /%

水泥 / (㎏ /m3 )

磨细砂 / (㎏ /m 3 )

粗骨料/ (㎏ /m 3 )

细骨料/ (㎏ /m 3 )

水 / (㎏ /m 3 )

坍落度/ ㎝

和易性

蒸养强度 /MPa

蒸压强度 /MPa

A

1.50

315

135

1410

700

123

4.0

良好

52.6

95.1

B

2.33

315

135

1410

700

128

3.5

良好

49.8

92.9

C

2.12

315

135

1410

700

125

4.0

良好

52.0

94.8

2 、试生产阶段

2.1 新拌混凝土的和易性
   由于常规试验和试配试验均较为理想,我们进行了试生产,新拌混凝土依照试配配方。对配制的第二盘料,用坍落度仪检测坍落度为 3. 5 ㎝ ,混凝土无离析现象,粘聚性良好,无泌水。

2.2 可操作性
   由于流动性良好,布料速度较快,混凝土料人模也密实。同时由于粘聚性较好,混凝土料堆积在管模后,石子不易从料堆滚落到模边上,降低了铲料难度,合模时间也提前了不少。

2.3 离心效果
   我们对离心效果的要求是管桩内壁光滑,不挂浆、不塌料、不露石。经反复观察,离心良好率约达 95 %,约 5 %有轻微挂浆现象,且无塌料、露石情况。

2.4 混凝土蒸养、蒸压强度对比
   混凝土强度对管桩桩身而言,至关重要。我公司自 06 年 11 月使用新型改性高效减水剂以来,强度能够保持稳定,均方差较小。具体对比统计见表 4 。
   从表 4 可以看出,使用新型改性高效减水剂以来,混凝土强度基本与以前持平,但方差更小,表明混凝土的质量稳定性好,这对产品质量控制来说,是非常有利的。

4 不同时期抗压强度对比

日期

组数

脱模强度 /MPa

方差

蒸压强度 /MPa

方差

减水剂掺量

/ (㎏ /m 3 )

06 年 7 月

59

53.2

3.3

93.1

3.4

9.5

06 年 8 月

58

52.4

3.1

92.9

3.5

9.5

06 年 9 月

56

51.0

2.7

90.8

2.9

9.5

06 年 10 月

60

48.9

3.9

90.5

3.7

9.5

06 年 11 月

56

49.9

3.7

91.1

3.4

9.5

06 年 12 月

59

49.4

3.0

91.7

2.9

9.5

07 年 1 月

54

48.8

2.9

89.4

2.6

9.5

07 年 2 月

49

47.3

2.4

91.5

2.7

9.0

07 年 3 月

60

49.8

2.8

90.7

2.5

9.0

07 年 4 月

57

50.1

3.1

92.5

2.8

9.0

07 年 5 月

55

50.6

2.4

93.8

2.3

9.0

07 年 6 月

58

52.2

2.6

92.6

2.6

9.0

2.5 管桩产品芯样强度情况对比
   从以上数据和分析可知,混凝土试块强度完全能满足设计要求。但试块是机械振动制作的,而管桩是离心法成型的。其内部结构分布很重要。我们依据 GB/T1949 6 - 2004 《钻芯检测离心高强混凝土抗压强度试验方法》,对管桩进行了钻芯试验。在芯样磨平处理前,观察其结构分布,发现混凝土层、砂浆层、水泥浆层分布合理良好,无蜂窝现象。现把各时期的试验数据列于表 5 ,以作比较之用。发现使用,新型改性高效减水剂以来,芯样抗压强度有所提高。当然,这并非单一减水剂改变的结果,与不同时期其他材料的质量波动、离心机和管模状况等原因也有很大关系。

5 不同时期芯样强度对比

日期

芯样直径 / ㎜

芯样高度 / ㎜

芯样外观

破坏状态

抗压强度推算值勤 / MPa

备注

06 年 7 月

69.8

70.5

无蜂窝

正常破坏

87.2

1 根环筋

06 年 10 月

29.8

71.2

无蜂窝

正常破坏

85.7

1 根环筋

06 年 12 月

69.8

71.5

无蜂窝

正常破坏

87.5

1 根环筋

07 年 3 月

29.8

70.8

无蜂窝

正常破坏

88.9

 

07 年 6 月

29.8

71.1

无蜂窝

正常破坏

89.4

1 根环筋

6 不同时期管桩抗弯性能对比

桩型

试验日期

标准规定

/k N · m

检测结果 /k N · m

试验值 / 标准值 /%

综合评定

PTC40 0 - 70

07.4.23

[M 裂 ]=39, [M 极 ]=55

[M 裂 ]=52, [M 极 ]=69

135

125

合格

PTC50 0 — 80

07.4.23

[M 裂 ]=71, [M 极 ]=99

[M 裂 ]=92, [M 极 ]=138

130

140

合格

PHCAB40 0 - 90

07.4.23

[M 裂 ]=63, [M 极 ]=104

[M 裂 ]=82, [M 极 ]=130

130

130

合格

PHCA30 0 — 70

07.4.23

[M 裂 ]=23, [M 极 ]=34

[M 裂 ]=30, [M 极 ]=46

130

135

合格

PHCAB60 0 - 110

07.4.24

[M 裂 ]=201, [M 极 ]=332

[M 裂 ]=251, [M 极 ]=448

125

135

合格

PHCA50 0 - 100

07.4.25

[M 裂 ]=99, [M 极 ]=148

[M 裂 ]=114, [M 极 ]=177

115

120

合格

PHCA400 - 90

07.4.25

[M 裂 ]=52, [M 极 ]=77

[M 裂 ]=65, [M 极 ]=100

125

130

合格

PHCAB500 - 100

07.4.25

[M 裂 ]=121, [M 极 ]=200

[M 裂 ]=169, [M 极 ]=290

140

145

合格

PHCAB500 - 125

07.4.25

[M 裂 ]=121, [M 极 ]=200

[M 裂 ]=145, [M 极 ]=260

120

130

合格

PTC40 0 - 70

06.6.17

[M 裂 ]=39, [M 极 ]=55

[M 裂 ]=45, [M 极 ]=66

115

120

合格

PTC500 - 80

06.6.17

[M 裂 ]=39, [M 极 ]=99

[M 裂 ]=92, [M 极 ]=133

130

135

合格

PHCAB40 0 - 90

06.6.17

[M 裂 ]=63, [M 极 ]=104

[M 裂 ]=78, [M 极 ]=124

125

120

合格

PHCA30 0 — 70

06.6.17

[M 裂 ]=23, [M 极 ]=34

[M 裂 ]=30, [M 极 ]=42

130

125

合格

PHCAB600 - 110

06.6.17

[M 裂 ]=201, [M 极 ]=332

[M 裂 ]=271, [M 极 ]=431

135

130

合格

PHCA500 - 100

06.6.17

[M 裂 ]=99, [M 极 ]=148

[M 裂 ]=123, [M 极 ]=192

125

130

合格

PHCA400 - 90

06.6.17

[M 裂 ]=52, [M 极 ]=77

[M 裂 ]=62, [M 极 ]=92

120

120

合格

PHCAB500 - 100

06.6.17

[M 裂 ]=121, [M 极 ]=200

[M 裂 ]=157, [M 极 ]=250

130

125

合格

PHCAB500 - 125

06.6.17

[M 裂 ]=121, [M 极 ]=200

[M 裂 ]=163, [M 极 ]=270

135

135

合格

3 、产品性能检测情况
  
我公司于使用新型改性高效减水剂前后,分别委托江苏省建筑工程质量检测中心就各种规格型号的管桩进行了抗弯性能检测,其结果均符合 GBl347 6 - 1999 和 JC88 8 - 2001 标准要求,且前后情况比较接近。具体见表 6 。

4 、经济成本分析
  
在实际生产中各企业在保证质量的前提下,对经济成本也十分重视。一般选取两者兼顾的产品即综合性价比优良的品种。下面就三种减水剂成本价格方面作一分析比较。具体见表 7 。

7 三种减水剂成本比较

减水剂名称

单价 /( 元 /t)

掺量

实际数量 / (㎏ /m 3 )

每 m 3 混凝土减水剂的价格 / 元

A

3200

1.5%

6.75

21.60

B

1950

2.1%

950

18.53

C

2050

2.0%

9.00

18.45

  从表 7 可以看出,新型改性高效减水剂 C 与 B 型相比较,成本相当,但性能优于 B 型;与 A 型相比较,性能相当,但成本较低。从而具有较强的市场竞争力和推广应用价值。

5 、注意事项
(1) 使用新型改性高效减水剂,砂石含泥量、泥块含量要控制好,应≤ 1.0 %。
(2) 粗骨料需采用 5 ~ 25mm 连续级配, 5 ~ 16mm 占 30 %左右, 1 6 ~ 25mm 占 70 %左右。
(3) 下料顺序采用以下方式比较理想: 砂→ 水泥 + 磨细 砂→ 2/3 水→ 减水 剂→ 1/3 水→ 石子。

6 、结语
综上所述,新型改性高效减水剂使用后有以下优点:
(1) 混凝土强度等级能满足设计要求,且富余较多。
(2) 混凝土和易性较好,坍落度损失较小;同时离心效果较好。
(3) 工人操作难度相对较小,可操作性能好。
(4) 综合经济成本核算有优势,值得推广。


根据水泥水化放热曲线表示的水泥水化过程



外加剂对水泥水化的影响示意


强度随龄期增长图


萘系减水剂对水泥及硅灰的吸附

1 —普通硅酸盐水泥( W/C=0.35 ); 2 —水泥 - 硅灰; 3 —硅灰( SF/W=0.5,pH=13 )


水泥对萘系减水剂的吸附量与吸附平衡浓度的关系


ζ电位与吸附平衡浓度的关系


单体萘及其磺化位置示意

GB/T 8075—2005

1 、混凝土外加剂定义、分类、命名与术语

1 范围
  
本标准规定了水泥混凝土外加剂的定义、分类、命名与术语。水泥净浆和砂浆用外加剂也可参与本标准采用。

2 定义
  
混凝土外加剂是一种在混凝土搅拌之前或拌制过程中加入的、用以改善新拌混凝土和(或)硬化混凝土性能的材料。以下简称外加剂。

3 分类
  
混凝土外加剂按其主要使用功能分为四类:
3.1 改善混凝土拌合物流变性能的外加剂,包括各种减水剂和泵送剂等;
3.2 调节混凝土凝结时间、硬化性能的外加剂,包括缓凝剂、促凝剂和速凝剂等;
3.3 改善混凝土耐久性的外加剂,包括引气剂、防水剂、阻锈剂和矿物外加剂等;
3.4 改善混凝土其他性能的外加剂,包括膨胀剂、防冻剂、着色剂等。

4 命名
4.1 普通减水剂 water reducing admixture
   在混凝土坍落度基本相同的条件下,能减少拌合用水量的外加剂。

4.2 早强剂 hardening accelerating admixture
   加速混凝土早期强度发展的外加剂。

4.3 缓凝剂 set retarder
   延长混凝土凝结时间的外加剂。

4.4 促凝剂 set accelerating admixture
   能缩短拌合物凝结时间的外加剂。

4.5 引气剂 air entraining admixture
   在混凝土搅拌过程中能引入大量均匀分布、稳定而封闭的微小气泡且能保留在硬化混凝土中的外加剂。

4.6 高效减水剂 superplasticizer
   在混凝土坍落度基本相同的条件下,能大幅度减少拌合用水量的外加剂。

4.7 缓凝高效减水剂 set retarding superplasticizer
   兼有缓凝功能和高效减水功能的外加剂。

4.8 早强减水剂 hardening accelerating and water reducing admixture
   兼有早强和减水功能的外加剂。

4.9 缓凝减水剂 set retarding and water reducing admixture
   兼有缓凝和减水功能的外加剂。

4.10 引气减水剂 air entraining and water reducing admixture
   兼有引气和减水功能的外加剂。

4.11 防水剂 water-repellent admixture
   能提高水泥砂浆、混凝土抗渗性能的外加剂。

4.12 阻锈剂 anti-corrosion admixture
  能抑制或减轻混凝土中钢筋和其他金属预埋件锈蚀的外加剂。

4.13 加气剂 gas forming admixture
   混凝土制备过程中因发生化学反应,放出气体,使硬化混凝土中有大量均匀分布气孔的外加剂。

4.14 膨胀剂 expanding admixture
   在混凝土硬化过程中因化学作用能使混凝土产生一定体积膨胀的外加剂。

4.15 防冻剂 anti-freezing admixture
   能使混凝土在负温下硬化,并在规定养护条件下达到预期性能超群的外加剂。

4.16 着色剂 coloring admixture
   能制备具有彩色混凝土的外加剂。

4.17 速凝剂 flash setting admixture
   能使混凝土迅速凝结硬化的外加剂。

4.18 泵送剂 pumping aid
   能改善混凝土拌合物泵送性能的外加剂。

4.19 保水剂 water retaining admixture
   能减少混凝土或砂浆失水的外加剂。

4.20 絮凝剂 flocculating agent
   在水中施工时,能增加混凝土粘稠性,抗水泥和集料分离的外加剂。

4.21 增稠剂 viscosity enhancing agent
   能提高混凝土拌合物粘度的外加剂。

4.22 减缩剂 shrinkage reducing agent
   减少混凝土收缩的外加剂。

4.23 保塑剂 plastic retaining agent
   在一定时间内,减少混凝土坍落度损失的外加剂。

4.24 磨细矿渣 grounded furnace slag
   粒状高炉矿渣经干燥、粉磨等工艺达到规定细度的产品。

4.25 硅灰 silica fume
   在冶炼硅铁合金或工业硅时,通过烟道排出的硅蒸气氧化后,经收尘器收集得到的以无定形二氧化硅为主要成分的产品。

4.26 磨细粉煤灰 grounded fly ash
   干燥的粉煤灰经粉磨达到规定细度的产品。

4.27 磨细天然沸石 grounded natural zeolite
   以一定品位纯度的天然沸石为原料,经粉磨至规定细度的产品。

5 术语

5.1 基本术语
5.1.1 外加剂掺量 dosage of admixture
   外加剂掺量以外加剂占水泥 ( 或者总胶凝材料 ) 质量的百分数表示。

5.1.2 推荐掺量范围 recommended range of dosage
   由外加剂生产企业根据试验结果确定的、推荐给使用方的外加剂掺量范围。

5.1.3 适宜掺量 compliance dosage
   满足相应的外加剂标准要求时的外加剂掺量,由外加剂生产企业说明,适宜掺量应在推荐掺量的范围之内。

5.1.4 最大推荐掺量 maximum recommended dosage
   推荐掺量范围的上限。

5.1.5 多功能外加剂 multifunction admixture
   能改善新拌和硬化混凝土两种或两种以上性能的外加剂。

5.1.6 主要功能 primary function
   多功能外加剂功能中起主导作用的一种功能。

5.1.7 次要功能 secondary function
   多功能外加剂除主要功能外的功能。

5.1.8 标准型外加剂 standard-type admixture
   具有不改变混凝土凝结时间和早期硬化速度功能的外加剂。

5.1.9 缓凝型外加剂 set retarding-type admixture
   具有延缓混凝土凝结时间功能的外加剂。

5.1.10 促凝型外加剂 set accelerating-type admixture
   具有促进混凝土凝结功能的外加剂。

5.1.11 基准水泥 reference cement
   专门用于检测混凝土外加剂性能的水泥。

5.1.12 基准混凝土 reference concrete
   符合相关标准实验条件规定的、未掺有外加剂的混凝土。

5.1.13 受检混凝土 tested concrete
   符合相关标准实验条件规定的、掺有外加剂的混凝土。

5.1.14 受检标养混凝土 tested concrete cured in standard condition
   按照相关标准规定条件配制的掺加有防冻剂的标准养护混凝土。

5.1.15 受检负温混凝土 tested concrete curing at negative temperature
   按照相关标准规定条件配制的掺加有防冻剂并按规定条件养护的混凝土。

5.1.16 基准砂浆 reference mortar
   符合相关标准实验条件规定的、未掺加外加剂的水泥砂浆。

5.1.17 受检砂浆 tested mortar
   符合相关标准实验条件规定的、掺加有一定比例外加剂的水泥砂浆。

5.1.18 复合矿物外加剂 compound mineral admixture
   由两种或两种以上矿物外加剂复合而成的产品。

5.2 性能术语
5.2.1 减水率 water reducing rate
   在混凝土坍落度基本相同时,基准混凝土和受检混凝土单位用水量之差与基准混凝土单位用水量之比。

5.2.2 泌水率 bleeding rate
   单位质量混凝土泌出水量与其用水量之比。

5.2.3 泌水率比 ratio of bleeding rate
   受检混凝土和基准混凝土的泌水率之比。

5.2.4 凝结时间 setting time
   混凝土由塑性状态过渡到硬化状态所需时间。

5.2.5 初凝时间 initial setting time
   混凝土从加水开始到贯入阻力达到 3.5MPa 所需的时间。

5.2.6 终凝时间 final setting time
   混凝土从加水开始到贯入阻力达到 28MPa 所需的时间。

5.2.7 凝结时间差 difference in setting time
   受检混凝土与基准混凝土凝结时间的差值。

5.2.8 抗压强度比 ratio of compressive strength
   受检混凝土与基准混凝土同龄期抗压强度之比。

5.2.9 收缩率比 ratio of shrinkage
   受检混凝土与基准混凝土同龄期收缩率之比。

5.2.10 钢筋锈蚀试验 test of corrosion of reinforcing steel bar
   用来判定外加剂对钢筋有无锈蚀危害的试验,用新拌或硬化砂浆的阳极极化曲线来测试。

5.2.11 坍落度增加值 slump increase value
   水灰比相同时,受检混凝土和基准混凝土坍落度之差。

5.2.12 常压泌水率比 ratio of bleeding rate at normal pressure
   受检混凝土与基准混凝土在常压条件下的泌水率之比。

5.2.13 压力泌水率比 ratio of bleeding rate at pressure
   受检泵送混凝土与基准混凝土在压力条件下的泌水率之比。

5.2.14 初始坍落度 initial slump
   混凝土搅拌出机后,立刻测定的坍落度。

5.2.15 坍落度保留值 slump retain value
   混凝土拌合物按规定条件存放一定时间后的坍落度值。

5.2.16 坍落度损失 slump loss
   混凝土初始坍落度与某一特定时间的坍落度保留值的差值。

5.2.17 抗渗压力比 ratio of penetration pressure
   受检混凝土抗渗压力与基准混凝土抗渗压力之比。

5.2.18 抗渗高度比 ratio of penetration height
   受检混凝土抗渗高度与基准混凝土抗渗高度之比。

5.2.19 限制膨胀率 expansion rate in restrict condition
   掺有膨胀剂的试件在规定的纵向限制器具限制下的膨胀率。

5.2.20 吸水量比 ratio of absorption
   受检砂浆的吸水量与基准砂浆的吸水量之比。

5.2.21 需水量比 ratio of water demand
   受检砂浆的流动度达到基准砂浆相同的流动度时,两者用水量之比。

5.2.22 水泥砂浆工作性 workability of cement mortar
   在规定的试验条件下,受检砂浆和基准砂浆的流动度相同时,受检砂浆的减水率。

5.2.23 总碱量 total alkali content
   外加剂中以氧化钠当量百分数表示的氧化钠和氧化钾的总和。

5.2.24 活性指数 index of activity
   受检砂浆和基准砂浆试件标养至相同规定龄期限抗压强度之比。

5.2.25 相对耐久性指标 index of relative durability
   受检混凝土经快速冻融 200 次后动弹性模量的保留值,用百分数来表示。

5.2.26 p H 值 pH value
   液体外加剂酸碱程度的数值。

5.2.27 固体含量 solid content
   液体外加剂中固体物质的含量。

5.2.28 含水率 moisture content
   固体外加剂在规定温度下烘干失去水的重量占外加剂重量之比。

5.2.29 水泥净浆流动度 fluidity of cement paste
   在规定的试验条件下,水泥浆体在玻璃平面上自由流淌的直径。

 

GB/T 8076—1997

2 、混

1 范围
  
本标准规定了用于水泥混凝土中外加剂的定义、技术要求、试验方法、检验规则、包装、出厂、贮存及退货等。
   本标准适用于普通减水剂、高效减水剂、缓凝高效减水剂、早强减水剂、缓凝减水剂、引气减水剂、早强剂、缓凝剂和引气剂共九种混凝土外加剂。

2 引用标准
  
下列标准包含的条文通过在本标准中引用而构成本标准的条文,本标准出版时,所示版本均为有效。所有标准都会被修订,使用本标准的各方应探讨使用下列标准最新版本的可能性。

GB/T176 — 1996 水泥化学分析方法
GB/T8074 — 87 水泥表面积测定方法、勃氏法
GB/T8075 — 87 混凝土外加剂的分类、命名与定义
GB/T8077 — 87 混凝土外加剂匀质性能试验方法
GB/T14684 — 93 建筑用砂
GB/T14685 — 93 建筑用卵石、碎石
GBJ80 — 85 普通混凝土拌合物性能试验方法
GBJ81 — 85 普通混凝土力学性能试验方法
GBJ82 — 85 普通混凝土长期性能和耐久性能试验方法
JGJ55 — 81 普通混凝土配合比设计技术规定
JGJ63 — 89 混凝土拌合用水标准

3 定义
  
本标准采用下列定义。

3.1 外加剂
   缓凝高效减水剂:兼有缓凝和大幅度减少拌合用水量的外加剂。
   其余混凝土外加剂的定义见 GB/T8075 。

3.2 基准水泥
   符合本标准附录 A 要求的、专门用于检验混凝土外加剂性能的水泥。

3.3 基准混凝土
   按照本标准试验条件规定配制的不掺外加剂的混凝土。 

4 技术要求
4.1 掺外加剂混凝土性能指标
   掺外加剂混凝土性能指标应符合表 1 的要求。

表 1 掺外加剂混凝土性能指标

试验项目

外加剂品种

普通减水剂

高效减水剂

早强减水剂

缓凝高效减水剂

缓凝减水剂

引气减水剂

早强剂

缓凝剂

引气剂

一等品

合格品

一等品

合格品

一等品

合格品

一等品

合格品

一等品

合格品

一等品

合格品

一等品

合格品

一等品

合格品

一等品

合格品

减水率, % ,不小于

8

5

12

10

8

5

12

10

8

5

10

10

6

6

泌水率比, % ,不大于

95

100

90

95

95

100

100

100

70

80

100

100

100

70

80

含气量, %

≤ 3.0

≤ 4.0

≤ 3.0

≤ 4.0

≤ 3.0

≤ 4.0

< 4.5

< 5.5

> 3.0

> 3.0

凝结时间之差 min

初凝

-90 ~ +120

-90 ~ +120

-90 ~ +90

> +90

> +90

-90 ~ +120

-90 ~ +90

> +90

-90 ~ +120

终凝

抗压强度比, % 不小于

1d

140

130

140

130

135

125

3d

115

110

130

120

130

120

125

120

100

115

110

130

120

100

90

95

80

7d

115

110

125

115

115

110

125

115

110

110

110

105

100

90

95

80

28d

110

105

120

110

105

100

120

110

110

105

100

100

95

100

90

90

80

收缩率比, % 不大于

28d

135

135

135

135

135

135

135

135

135

相对耐久性指标, %200 次,不小于

80

60

80

60

对钢筋锈蚀作用

应说明对钢筋有无锈蚀危害

1 除含气量外,表中所列数据为掺外加剂混凝土与基准混凝土的差值或比值。

2 凝结时间指标,“—”号表示提前,“ + ”号表示延缓。

3 相对耐久性指标一栏中,“ 200 次≥ 80 和 60 ” 表示将 28d 龄期的掺外加剂混凝土试件冻融循环 200 次后,动弹性模量保留值≥ 80% 或 60% 。

4 对于可以用高频振捣排除的,由外加剂所引入的气泡的产品,允许用高频振捣,达到某类型性能指标要求的外加剂,可按本表进行命名和分类,但须在产品说明包装上注明“用于高频振捣的××剂”


4.2 匀质性指标
   匀质性指标应符合表 2 的要求。

表 2 匀质性指标

试验项目

指 标

含固量或含水量

•  对液体外加剂,应在生产厂所控制值的相对量的 3% 内;

•  对固体外加剂,应在生产厂控制值的相对量的 5% 之内

密度

对液体外加剂,应在生产厂所控制值的± 0.02g / ㎝ 3 之内

氯离子含量

应在生产厂所控制值相对量的 5% 之内

水泥净浆流动度

应不小于生产控制值的 95%

细度

0.315 ㎜筛筛余应小于 15%

pH 值

应在生产厂控制值± 1 之内

表面张力

应在生产厂控制值± 1.5 之内

还原糖

应在生产厂控制值± 3%

总碱量( Na 2 O+0.658K 2 O )

应在生产厂控制值的相对量的 5% 之内

硫酸钠

应在生产厂控制值的相对量的 5% 之内

泡沫性能

应在生产厂控制值的相对量的 5% 之内

砂浆减水率